Biosensor 1, K. pneumoniae (ATCC2146). Biosensors 2–6, different K. pneumoniae strains from sputum. Biosensors 7–8, different K. pneumoniae strains from urine. Biosensors 9–12, K. pneumoniae strains from blood, pharyngeal swabs, puncture fluid, and wounds, respectively. Biosensors 13–24, Aeromonas caviae, Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter braakii, Corynebacterium stationis, Enterobacter sakazakii, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus suis. MCDA, multiple cross displacement amplification; LFB, gold nanoparticle lateral flow biosensor.